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\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 (d). \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 (HBW) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642 (F) \u0645\u0642\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639. \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n HBW = 2F \/ (\u03c0D * (D \u2013 \u221a(D\u00b2 \u2013 d\u00b2)))<\/p>\n \u0623\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631. \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ASTM E10 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 F\/D\u00b2 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c 30 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u060c 10 \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u060c 5 \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645). 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\u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u060c h\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629. \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0631\u0648\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649. \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/a> 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\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0631\u0648\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0644 C (HRC) \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 120\u00b0 \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0643\u0644\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 150 \u0643\u062c\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628. \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0631\u0648\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0644 B (HRB) \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u063a\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0637\u0631 1\/16 \u0625\u0646\u0634 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 100 \u0643\u062c\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0637\u0641 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0631.<\/p>\n \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0632 \u0628\u062c\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f: \u0647\u0631\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0630\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 136\u00b0 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0632 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0632 (HV) \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0632 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0646 (d1 \u0648 d2) \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629:<\/p>\n HV \u2248 1.854 * (F \/ d\u00b2)<\/p>\n \u0623\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629. \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/h2>\n
![\"job,](\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-5231803.jpg\")
<\/p>\n\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647<\/h3>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n
\n
\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n
\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 (ASTM E10)<\/h3>\n
\n
\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0644 (ASTM E18)<\/h3>\n
\n
![\"\u0631\u062c\u0644](\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/unsplash-wTu1hf79rto.jpg\")
<\/p>\n\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0632 (ASTM E384\/E92)<\/h3>\n
\n
![\"\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632](\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-280806.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a](\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/unsplash-qLtS2ermG3M.jpg\")
<\/h2>\n