{"id":2652,"date":"2025-10-02T01:56:22","date_gmt":"2025-10-02T01:56:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/"},"modified":"2025-10-02T01:56:22","modified_gmt":"2025-10-02T01:56:22","slug":"ultimate-guide-to-tower-connection-engineering-from-principles-to-practice","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/ultimate-guide-to-tower-connection-engineering-from-principles-to-practice\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c: \u063a\u0648\u0635 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\u0628\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635. \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 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width=\"115\">\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643)<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0628 \u062c\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644)<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0648\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0642<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-7151250.jpg\" height=\"853\" width=\"1280\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2655\" alt=\"\u0628\u0631\u062c \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-7151250.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-7151250-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-7151250-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-7151250-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/> <\/p>\n<h3>\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639. \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 (ASTM):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ASTM A36: \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 36 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 ksi (250 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644). \u0647\u0648 \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>ASTM A572 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 50: \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 (HSLA) \u0628\u062d\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 50 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 ksi (345 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644). \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0640 A36 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0641 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>ASTM A992: \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 A572 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 50 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636. \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 50-65 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 ksi (345-450 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644) \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ASTM A325 \/ A325M: \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637. \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f 120 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 ksi (825 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644) \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 1 \u0625\u0646\u0634. \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 ASTM A490 \/ A490M: \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/ultimate-guide-alloy-steel-screws-raw-material-selection-for-maximum-strength\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"440\" target=\"_blank\">\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628<\/a>\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0634\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 150 ksi (1035 MPa). \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a A325 \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0647\u0648 <a href=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/essential-screws-choosing-the-right-fasteners-for-your-projects\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"437\" target=\"_blank\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/a> \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 ASTM A563 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a F436 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 A325 \u0648A490 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0634\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-5279158.jpg\" height=\"1200\" width=\"938\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2654\" alt=\"\u0628\u0631\u062c \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0632\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u062d\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-5279158.jpg 938w, https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-5279158-235x300.jpg 235w, https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-5279158-768x983.jpg 768w, https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-5279158-9x12.jpg 9w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 938px) 100vw, 938px\" \/> <\/p>\n<h3>\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/hot-dip-galvanizing-the-science-behind-ultimate-steel-protection\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"438\" target=\"_blank\">\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a galvanized \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646<\/a>\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u063a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631. \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 ASTM A123 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648 ASTM A153 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0629. \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u063a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648 <a href=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/ultimate-guide-alloy-steel-screws-material-selection-and-best-practices-2024\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"442\" target=\"_blank\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/a>\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u064a\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ASTM)<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f (\u0643\u064a \u0625\u0633 \u0622\u064a \/ \u0645\u064a\u063a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644)<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u062f (\u0643\u064a \u0625\u0633 \u0622\u064a \/ \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644)<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 A36<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d\u060c \u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">36 \/ 250<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">58-80 \/ 400-550<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0644\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 A572 Grade 50<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0635\u062d\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">50 \/ 345<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">65 \/ 450<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 A36<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a A325<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">85 \u0623\u0648 92 \/ 585 \u0623\u0648 635<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">120 \/ 825<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 A490<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">115 \u0623\u0648 120 \/ 795 \u0623\u0648 825<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">150 \/ 1035<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/5-secrets-of-heat-treatment-process-engineering-metal-properties-revealed\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"444\" target=\"_blank\">\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629. \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0647. \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c \u2014 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d \u2014 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647. \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0634\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0636\u063a\u0637) \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u062c \u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u063a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 TIA-222-H (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a) \u0623\u0648 Eurocode 3 (\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629) \u0637\u0631\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 1.2 * \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a + 1.6 * \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d) \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-7390007.jpg\" height=\"1200\" width=\"800\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2653\" alt=\"\u0628\u0631\u062c \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-7390007.jpg 800w, https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-7390007-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-7390007-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-7390007-8x12.jpg 8w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/> <\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f: \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 (\u062a\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635: \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644: \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0633\u062d\u0642 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u063a\u0637 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FEA \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 FEA \u0641\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a 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\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644. \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d (\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u061b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0641\u062a\u064b\u0627. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a (NDT) \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 (MPT) \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 (UT) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">1-3 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0641\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629\/\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0635\u062f\u0623<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0635\u062f\u0623\u060c \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0634\u0631\u0648\u062e \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">1-3 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0634\u0631\u0648\u062e \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\/\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"115\">\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633<\/td>\n<td 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\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u2014 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0628\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u2014 \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629. \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 TIA-222\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a (FEA)\u060c \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0637\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647. \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 - MechaniCalc<\/strong> <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/mechanicalc.com\/reference\/bolted-joint-analysis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/mechanicalc.com\/reference\/bolted-joint-analysis<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u2013 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627<\/strong> <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bolted_joint\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bolted_joint<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>VDI 2230 Blatt 1 \u2013 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 VDI<\/strong> <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vdi.de\/en\/home\/vdi-standards\/details\/vdi-2230-blatt-1-systematic-calculation-of-highly-stressed-bolted-joints-joints-with-one-cylindrical-bolt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.vdi.de\/en\/home\/vdi-standards\/details\/vdi-2230-blatt-1-systematic-calculation-of-highly-stressed-bolted-joints-joints-with-one-cylindrical-bolt<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u2013 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629<\/strong> <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.engineeringtoolbox.com\/bolt-torque-load-calculator-d_2065.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.engineeringtoolbox.com\/bolt-torque-load-calculator-d_2065.html<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>MIL-HDBK-60 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629 - \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong> <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/engineeringlibrary.org\/reference\/threaded-fastener-preload-mil-hdbk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/engineeringlibrary.org\/reference\/threaded-fastener-preload-mil-hdbk<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>\u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u2013 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627<\/strong> <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/engineeringlibrary.org\/reference\/fastener-torque-nasa-design-manual\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/engineeringlibrary.org\/reference\/fastener-torque-nasa-design-manual<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u2013 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648 \u0625\u064a\u062f\u062c<\/strong> <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.engineersedge.com\/fastener_thread_menu.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.engineersedge.com\/fastener_thread_menu.shtml<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0646\u062c \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0640 ASME PCC-1<\/strong> <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hextechnology.com\/articles\/bolted-flange-joint-assembly\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.hextechnology.com\/articles\/bolted-flange-joint-assembly\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 - AISC<\/strong> <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aisc.org\/globalassets\/aisc\/publications\/standards\/a348-20w.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.aisc.org\/globalassets\/aisc\/publications\/standards\/a348-20w.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0640 ASME VIII \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a<\/strong> <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/staticengineer.com\/asme-viii-div-1-bolted-flange-design-mandatory-appendix-2-guide-part-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/staticengineer.com\/asme-viii-div-1-bolted-flange-design-mandatory-appendix-2-guide-part-1\/<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c: \u063a\u0648\u0635 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 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