{"id":2796,"date":"2025-10-03T14:19:29","date_gmt":"2025-10-03T14:19:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/"},"modified":"2025-10-03T14:19:29","modified_gmt":"2025-10-03T14:19:29","slug":"ultimate-guide-to-elastic-modulus-testing-from-bridge-safety-to-medical-implants","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/ultimate-guide-to-elastic-modulus-testing-from-bridge-safety-to-medical-implants\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0633\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0646\u0641\u0627\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629: \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0640 \"\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629\". \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062e\u0641 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/ultimate-guide-to-dimensional-inspection-from-basic-principles-to-modern-methods\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"688\" target=\"_blank\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c. \u0633\u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062b\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/ultimate-guide-to-fatigue-testing-why-materials-fail-under-repeated-stress\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"692\" target=\"_blank\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/a> \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636. \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/ultimate-guide-precision-screws-manufacturing-from-materials-to-performance-testing\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"691\" target=\"_blank\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/a>, \u0646\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a (\u03c3): \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0646. \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0642\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 (F) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 (A\u2080) \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u03c3 = F \/ A\u2080<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a (\u03c3_t): \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647. \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0642\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 (F) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a (A).<\/p>\n<p>\u03c3_t = F \/ A<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628. \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \"\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0642\".<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636. \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f (\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a).<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a (\u03b5): \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 (\u0394L) \u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a (L\u2080). \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0643\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 (\u03bc\u025b).<\/p>\n<p>\u03b5 = \u0394L \/ L\u2080<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a (\u03b5_t): \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-5977172.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2799\" src=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-5977172.jpg\" alt=\"\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632\u060c \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0628\u064a\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-5977172.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-5977172-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-5977172-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-5977172-16x12.jpg 16w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0643. \u064a\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u03c3 = E\u03b5<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 (E)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a. \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u062e\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631. \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629\u00bb. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a. \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0637\u0621 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a 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\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629. \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629. \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u00ab\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0644\u00bb\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064d.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0634\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 ASTM E9 (\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646) \u0648 ASTM C39 (\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629) \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0634\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0636.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062b\u0646\u064a. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621: \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 (E) \u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a: E = (L\u00b3 * F) \/ (4 * w * h\u00b3 * \u03b4)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b L \u0647\u0648 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0648F\/\u03b4 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u060c w \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0648h \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621: \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0629 (\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f) \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621\u064b. \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b: E = (a * L\u00b2 * F) \/ (4 * w * h\u00b3 * \u03b4) * (3L \u2013 4a)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u2018a\u2019 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/raw-material-testing-a-comprehensive-guide-to-quality-control-methods-2024\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"686\" target=\"_blank\">\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u00ab\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-24555.png\" height=\"1183\" width=\"1280\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2798\" alt=\"\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0646\u062c \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0643\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-24555.png 1280w, https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-24555-300x277.png 300w, https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-24555-768x710.png 768w, https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-24555-13x12.png 13w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/> <\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642<\/h3>\n<p>\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"96\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0640\u2026<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"96\"><strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0628<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 (ASTM E8\/E111)\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 (\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0634\u062f)<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"96\"><strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062c \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u00ab\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0644\u00bb<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"96\"><strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u00ab\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621\u00bb \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f<\/td>\n<td width=\"96\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/the-science-behind-elastic-material-from-bridges-to-medical-breakthroughs\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"689\" target=\"_blank\">\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0631.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629: IET<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0636\u0629 (IET) \u0647\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u064a\u0642: \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0647\u062a\u0632. \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u064a E \u221d (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f)\u00b2. \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0635\u064a\u063a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 ASTM E1876 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0646\u0639\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 IET \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062b\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064d. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/ultimate-guide-to-spring-clip-production-materials-steps-quality-control\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"687\" target=\"_blank\">\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/a>, \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642\u0647 \u0646\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646 (E)\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635 (G)\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0646 (\u03bd) \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (\u03c1) \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629) (V_L) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629) (V_S). \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n<p>E = (\u03c1 * V_S\u00b2) * (3V_L\u00b2 \u2013 4V_S\u00b2) \/ (V_L\u00b2 \u2013 V_S\u00b2)<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f. \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 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\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631 \u0636\u062d\u0644. \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u2014\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062e\u064a. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u062e\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062e\u0637 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 (\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0646 0.05% \u0625\u0644\u0649 0.25% \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637: \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0637 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 (\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f 1%). \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a\u2014\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0636\u062d\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637\u2014\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623<\/h3>\n<p>\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"192\">\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"192\"><strong>\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a (\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 = \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 = \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0640 E)<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"192\"><strong>\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0639 (\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0640 E)<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u061b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"192\"><strong>\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0640 E<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"192\"><strong>\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0639 (\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0640 E<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 ASTM\u060c ISO).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"192\"><strong>\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0641\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 10-20 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0639\u0646 \u00ab\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629\u00bb \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a\u060c 0\u00b0\u060c 90\u00b0). \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0641\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0641\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0641\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-2476.jpg\" height=\"960\" width=\"1280\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2797\" alt=\"\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-2476.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-2476-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-2476-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-2476-16x12.jpg 16w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/> <\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/ultimate-guide-to-metal-heat-treatment-transform-metal-properties-like-a-pro\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"690\" target=\"_blank\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/a>, \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"192\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a (E) [\u062c\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644]<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"192\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">~1220<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\u062e\u0632\u0641<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"192\">\u0643\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u063a\u0633\u062a\u0646<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">~550<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\u062e\u0632\u0641\/\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0643<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"192\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 (\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a)<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">~200<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"192\">\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">~110<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"192\">\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">~70<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"192\">\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">~70<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"192\">\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (CFRP\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f)<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">~150 (\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a)<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"192\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a (PC)<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">~2.4<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"192\">\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646 6<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">~3.0<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"192\">\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0637 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641)<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">~12<\/td>\n<td width=\"192\">\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635. \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642. \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0643. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 (ASTM\u060c ISO). \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637.<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a. \u0627\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645\u060c \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a - \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f (ASTM)<\/strong> <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.astm.org\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>ISO - \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/strong> <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iso.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.iso.org\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627<\/strong> <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.asminternational.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.asminternational.org\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>NIST - \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627<\/strong> <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>SAE \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 - \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 SAE \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong> <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sae.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.sae.org\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>ASME - \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/strong> <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.asme.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.asme.org\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 (SEM)<\/strong> <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sem.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.sem.org\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f (MRS)<\/strong> <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mrs.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.mrs.org\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f (TMS)<\/strong> <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tms.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.tms.org\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f - ScienceDirect<\/strong> <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/materials-science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/materials-science<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A Guide to Testing How Stiff Materials Are The safety of a suspension bridge, the reliability of a jet engine part, and how long a medical implant lasts all depend on one important property: how stiff the material is. Engineers call this stiffness the &#8220;elastic modulus.&#8221; If engineers guess this value wrong, structures can fail [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2799,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2796","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-high-speed-rail-track-fasteners"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2796","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2796"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2796\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2903,"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2796\/revisions\/2903"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2799"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2796"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2796"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2796"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}