{"id":3497,"date":"2026-04-26T14:23:13","date_gmt":"2026-04-26T14:23:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/metal-fasteners\/"},"modified":"2026-04-26T14:25:59","modified_gmt":"2026-04-26T14:25:59","slug":"metal-fasteners","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/metal-fasteners\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"direct-answer\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u2014 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\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 (LockBolt\u060c Huck BOM)<\/strong> \u2014 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629\u061b \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u062d\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629<\/strong> \u2014 \u062a\u064f\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\u061b \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>6. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633-\u0632\u0646\u0643) \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629. \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 (250\u2013450 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644)\u061b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/th>\n<th>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f<\/th>\n<th>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 8 \/ 10.9<\/td>\n<td>\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 1,040 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 (\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621)<\/td>\n<td>1\u00d7<\/td>\n<td>\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0633 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644 304<\/td>\n<td>\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 520 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u062c\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td>3\u20134 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0639\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0633 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644 316<\/td>\n<td>\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 540 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<td>5\u20137 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 7075<\/td>\n<td>\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 480 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 (\u0645\u0637\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629)<\/td>\n<td>4\u20136 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 Ti-6Al-4V<\/td>\n<td>\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 950 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f<\/strong> \u0647\u0648 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 (8\u201324 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d) \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641. \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u061b \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a PTFE (\u062a\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0646)<\/strong> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639. \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0643<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646\" src=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/metal-fasteners-howto.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642\u061b \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u061b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f + \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c<\/strong> \u2014 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644\u061b \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 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\u0643\u062d\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649\u061b \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a Geomet<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u2192 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (&gt;300\u00b0C) \u2192 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a (A4\/316) \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0644\u061b 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\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u061b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u0633\u062f\u061b \u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u064a\u0637 (Heli-Coil \u0623\u0648 Keensert) \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/strong> \u2014 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641\u061b \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0640 ACI 318 \u0623\u0648 ETAG 001<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 (CFRP)<\/strong> \u2014 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u064a)\u061b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648 Inconel\u061b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>4. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629:<br \/>\n&#8211; <strong>SAE J429:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 2 (\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a 55 \u0623\u0644\u0641 psi)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 5 (85 \u0623\u0644\u0641 psi)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 8 (120 \u0623\u0644\u0641 psi)<br \/>\n&#8211; <strong>ISO 898-1:<\/strong> 4.6\u060c 5.8\u060c 8.8\u060c 10.9\u060c 12.9 (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649\/\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u00d7 10)<br \/>\n&#8211; <strong>ASTM A307\u060c A325\u060c A490<\/strong> \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u061b \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 5\/8.8 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 8\/10.9 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061b \u064812.9 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f (\u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0630\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621).<\/p>\n<h3>5. \u0647\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0623\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d (\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0632 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a)\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u2014 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0646\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0642\u0641\u0644 (\u0635\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0635\u0642 \u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0643-\u0644\u0648\u0643).<\/p>\n<h3>6. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u061f<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u2192 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u2192 \u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0630\u0648 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0622\u0644\u064a \u2192 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0643\u0633 (\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642\u060c \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629)<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621\/\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0629) \u2192 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b\u061b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0632\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0635\u062d\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u061b \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 316<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u2014 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u201c\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 M10\u201d \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/64065.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ISO 898-1<\/a> \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u00d7 100 = \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644\u061b \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u00d7 10 = \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644. \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 <strong>\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 10.9<\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a 1000 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 900 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u2014 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0641\u0638.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 ASTM \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>ASTM A307<\/strong> \u2014 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u061b \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629<\/li>\n<li><strong>ASTM A325<\/strong> \u2014 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u061b \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u062f 120 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u0637\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629<\/li>\n<li><strong>ASTM A490<\/strong> \u2014 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629\u061b \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u062f 150 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u0637\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629<\/li>\n<li><strong>ASTM F1554<\/strong> \u2014 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u061b \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a 36\u060c 55\u060c 105<\/li>\n<li><strong>ASTM A193<\/strong> \u2014 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>SAE J429 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631: \u0644\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 = \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 2\u060c \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 = \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 5\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 = \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 8.<\/p>\n<p><strong>DIN<\/strong> \u0648 <strong>ISO<\/strong> \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633: \u201c8.8\u201d\u060c \u201c10.9\u201d\u060c \u201c12.9\u201d. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629: <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0629<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0650 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 (MTRs) \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 (CoCs). The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/laws-regs\/regulations\/standardnumber\/1926\/1926.752\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 OSHA 29 CFR 1926.752<\/a> \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u2014 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 3000 \u06484000 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f (\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646) \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a (SPR) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f (\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u00b10.001 \u0625\u0646\u0634 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f) \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0648\u064a\u0646\u062c \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0635 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0633 Hi-Lok \u0648 Hi-Lite (\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u062f\u0628\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a). \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 ASTM A325 \u0648 A490 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 AISC: \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f (DTI)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u062d\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0631 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0642 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628: ASTM A325 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 8 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629) \u0643\u062d\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0640 AISC 360: ASTM A490. \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0649: ISO 8.8 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u060c 10.9 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0630\u0628 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/strong><br \/>\n\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 8 \u064810.9+ \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u2014 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0643\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628. \u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f 3-4 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 5\/8.8 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0641\u062d\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628\u061f<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646 (HDG) (ASTM A153) \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u061b \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 316 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 (\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c ACQ \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 G90). \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643) \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0645\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u061f<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \"8.8\"\u060c \"10.9\"\u060c \"12.9\") \u064a\u0631\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0640 ISO 898-1. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u00d7 100 = \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644. \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u00d7 10 = \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644. \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a 10.9 = 1000 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u060c 900 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639. \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 (\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0645\u0632) \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u061f<\/strong><br \/>\n\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a: \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a (\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0630\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062d\u0645\u0636). \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0639 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\" src=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/metal-fasteners-closing.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u2014 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0641\u0634\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u0639\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 (\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u2014 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629. \u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fastener\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/a0153_a0153m-16a.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 ASTM \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 A153<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/64065.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ISO 898-1 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.engineeringtoolbox.com\/fasteners-d_1516.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ToolBox \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/laws-regs\/regulations\/standardnumber\/1926\/1926.752\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">OSHA 29 CFR 1926.752 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3493,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3497","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-screws-flange-tutorial"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3497","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3497"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3497\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3498,"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3497\/revisions\/3498"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3493"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3497"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3497"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3497"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}