{"id":3698,"date":"2026-05-09T14:09:00","date_gmt":"2026-05-09T14:09:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/through-bolts\/"},"modified":"2026-05-09T14:10:17","modified_gmt":"2026-05-09T14:10:17","slug":"through-bolts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/through-bolts\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629: \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"direct-answer\"><strong>\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u2014 \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0623\u064a \u0633\u0637\u062d \u062c\u0633\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639 \u0630\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u062e\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645. \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0641\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0635\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a 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\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629. \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u2014 \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/01-hero-7.png\" alt=\"\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u2014 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644: \u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629. \u0644\u0623\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/ultimate-guide-clamping-force-test-methods-for-engineering-success\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"960\">\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a<\/a> \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629. \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u062c\u0630\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631<\/strong> \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/cylindrical-head-bolts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"961\">\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631<\/a><\/strong> \u2014 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u0627\u0637\u0633\u061b \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u063a\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628)<\/strong> \u2014 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u063a\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f)<\/strong> \u2014 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/strong> \u2014 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0648 <a href=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/essential-guide-to-fastener-installation-why-clamp-load-beats-torque-every-time\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"958\">\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0634\u062f\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0640 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aisc.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 AISC<\/a>\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ASTM F3125 \u2014 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u062a\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627. \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a. \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0635 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aisc.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 J3.1 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0640 AISC<\/a> \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a<\/th>\n<th>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649<\/th>\n<th>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a (\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a 3\/4 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629)<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>ASTM A307<\/td>\n<td>60 ksi<\/td>\n<td>\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 (\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0637)<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ASTM F3125 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 A325<\/td>\n<td>120 ksi<\/td>\n<td>28 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u0637\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ASTM F3125 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 A490<\/td>\n<td>150 ksi<\/td>\n<td>35 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u0637\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>SAE \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 8<\/td>\n<td>150 ksi<\/td>\n<td>\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 U\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u2014 \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0648 <a href=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/ultimate-guide-stainless-steel-bar-selection-prevent-costly-mistakes-failures\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"962\">costly mistake<\/a>. \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/02-types-4.png\" alt=\"\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a U\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 DingLong\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>1. \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629. \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0646 \u062e\u0634\u0646 (UNC\/ISO) \u0648\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 (UNF). <a href=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/thread-pitch\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"955\">\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/strong> \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 (\u0645\u0639 \u0635\u0641\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644)\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0634\u060c \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/strong> \u0647\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 A325 (120 ksi) \u0623\u0648 A490 (150 ksi) \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0640 A307 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<h3>2. \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0628 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u062e\u0634\u0628\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u2014 \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/strong> \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/strong> \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0642 \u0648\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0634\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629\u061b \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u063a\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n<h3>3. \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 U<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 U \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0645 \"\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631\"\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u2014 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0635\u0641\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><strong>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/strong> \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/strong> \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a (ID) \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632.<\/p>\n<h3>4. \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a ASTM F3125. \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645: \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642 (\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646) \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>cURL Too many subrequests.<\/strong> \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639<\/th>\n<th>\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633<\/th>\n<th>\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630<\/td>\n<td>\u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td>\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0628\u060c \u0639\u0646\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639<\/td>\n<td>\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628<\/td>\n<td>\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a U<\/td>\n<td>\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u064a\u064f\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0633 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u0629\/\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642<\/td>\n<td>\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u064a (A325\/A490)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u2014 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u2014 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 ASTM A325 \u0623\u0648 A490 \u2014 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 AISC LRFD \u0623\u0648 ASD\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0635\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 (\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0631 A325 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633 3\/4 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629) \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b (CLT \u0648 Glulam). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aitc-glulam.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628\u064a (AITC)<\/a> \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u062e\u0634\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633 3\/4 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0634\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0631 2\u00d710 (\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 0.5) \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0635 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 1200\u20131500 \u0631\u0637\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u2014 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0641\u064a NDS \u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u2014 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u2014 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u064f\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0629 (\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b ASTM A325 \u0623\u0648 A490) \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627. \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 (AREMA) \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0636. \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0643\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a (\u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0641\u0644) \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a ASME B16.5 \u0648ASME PCC-1 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0634\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0647. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0646\u062c\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0629. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0634\u062f \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 (\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639) \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 U \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 U \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 (\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644) \u2192 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644) \u2192 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 (\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629) \u2192 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 (\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629. \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 A490 \u0628\u0642\u0637\u0631 1\/2 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 A307 \u0628\u0642\u0637\u0631 3\/4 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 1: \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631<\/li>\n<li>\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0628 AISC LRFD (\u03c6 = 0.75 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u062f\u060c 0.65 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629) \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 ASD<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642 A325 \u0628\u0642\u0637\u0631 1\/2 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 9.3 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0631\u0637\u0644 \u0642\u0635 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064a (LRFD). \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 A325 \u0628\u0642\u0637\u0631 3\/4 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a: \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 21 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0631\u0637\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 2: \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a (A325\/A307)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td>316 <a href=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/stainless-steel-bolts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"959\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/a> \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0633 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644 316 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 ACQ \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0633 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644 316L \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0648\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (&gt;800\u00b0F)<\/td>\n<td>\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0644\u061b \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b) \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.awpa.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0634\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 (AWPA)<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 ACQ \u0648CA \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 CCA. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646 (\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 ASTM A153\u060c 1.7 \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0635\u0629\/\u0642\u062f\u0645\u00b2 \u0643\u062d\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0633 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 3: \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u2192 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633<\/li>\n<li>\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u062e\u0634\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u2192 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a (\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628) \u2192 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 U<\/li>\n<li>\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635 \u2192 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0628 ASTM F3125<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 4: \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 1.5\u00d7 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629) \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u00b1 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0633\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u2014 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/03-howto-6.png\" alt=\"\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0645\u0646 Snap-on \u0644\u062a\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629: \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 (\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630)<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0632\u0645 (\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631)<\/li>\n<li>\u063a\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646)<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0642 (\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u2014 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644)<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 (\u063a\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a DTI \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d.<\/strong> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 ASTM\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 1\/16 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0631 1 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 AISC J3.3 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0646\u0638\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629.<\/strong> \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642. \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 A \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u03bc = 0.35. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 B (\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u0648\u0634 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u064b\u0627) \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u03bc = 0.50.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628:<\/strong> \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u2192 \u063a\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628) \u2192 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u2192 \u063a\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f) \u2192 \u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0640 A325 \u0648A490\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0634\u062f \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b.<\/strong> \u0627\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0634\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u2014 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 10\u201320\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a). \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0634\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644.<\/strong> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 A325 \u0623\u0648 A490\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629:<\/strong> \u0634\u062f\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 (\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 1\/3 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f (TC):<\/strong> \u0634\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u062f \u2014 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u063a\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a DTI (\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631):<\/strong> \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u061b \u0627\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642.<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 AISC \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u2014 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0631\u062a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637 \u0623\u0648 <a href=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/lock-nut\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"956\">\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632.<\/strong> \u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0628\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646 (\u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f) \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0646\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 SAE 8 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/h2>\n<p>\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629. \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a:<\/strong> \u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u064a\u064f\u0635\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629\u061b \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 (\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628:<\/strong> \u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u064a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0629. \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633 3\/4\u2033 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 40\u201360% \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0635 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633 3\/4\u2033 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u2014 \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644:<\/strong> \u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u201c\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u201d \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u063a\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.indfast.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 68% \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u2014 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634 (SAE\/ASTM) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a (ISO). \u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646 productionscrews.com \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631):<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631: 1\/4\u2033\u060c 5\/16\u2033\u060c 3\/8\u2033\u060c 1\/2\u2033\u060c 5\/8\u2033\u060c 3\/4\u2033\u060c 7\/8\u2033\u060c 1\u2033\u060c 1-1\/8\u2033\u060c 1-1\/4\u2033<\/li>\n<li>\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0637: \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 UNC (\u062e\u0634\u0646)\u061b UNF \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644: \u0645\u0646 1\/2\u2033 \u0625\u0644\u0649 8\u2033 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u061b \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0629 (ISO 898-1):<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631: M6\u060c M8\u060c M10\u060c M12\u060c M16\u060c M20\u060c M24\u060c M30<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635: 4.6\u060c 8.8\u060c 10.9\u060c 12.9 (\u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0640 A307\u060c A325\u060c A490 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629)<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644: \u0645\u0646 10 \u0645\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 200 \u0645\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a (\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a):<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>ASTM (\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629)<\/th>\n<th>\u0641\u0626\u0629 ISO (\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0629)<\/th>\n<th>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>A307<\/td>\n<td>4.6<\/td>\n<td>415 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 \/ 60 \u0643\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>A325<\/td>\n<td>8.8<\/td>\n<td>830 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 \/ 120 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>A490<\/td>\n<td>10.9<\/td>\n<td>1040 MPa \/ 150 ksi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<td>12.9<\/td>\n<td>1220 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 \/ 177 \u0643\u064a \u0625\u0633 \u0622\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 10.9 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 EN 14399-2. \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0647\u0648 100\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 (\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629) \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 TC-bolt \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 (2026+)<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2026.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 (SHM) \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2024 \u0641\u064a ETH \u0632\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062e \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u00b121\u066a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u2014 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631\u064a (\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b 15\u201325 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a) \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (HE) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 10.9 \u0648A490) \u062f\u0641\u0639 <a href=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/ar\/electroplating-secrets-revealed-the-chemistry-behind-perfect-metal-coatings\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"957\">\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644<\/a> \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 (\u062f\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062a\u060c \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0645\u062a)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0640 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 ASTM \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 F3125 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2024 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0643\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0640\u0631 A490 \u2014 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0644 \u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 (CFRP) \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 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\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u063a\u061f<\/strong><br \/>\n\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u063a (\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u063a) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0635 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u2014 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0633: \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u061f<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0646 1\/2 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 5\/8 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629. \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 A325 \u0628\u0642\u0637\u0631 3\/4 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627. \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 ASME B16.5 \u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0631 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