{"id":2478,"date":"2025-09-30T14:49:50","date_gmt":"2025-09-30T14:49:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/"},"modified":"2025-09-30T15:01:20","modified_gmt":"2025-09-30T15:01:20","slug":"5-secrets-of-heat-treatment-process-engineering-metal-properties-revealed","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/vi\/5-secrets-of-heat-treatment-process-engineering-metal-properties-revealed\/","title":{"rendered":"5 B\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n: T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kim lo\u1ea1i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n: C\u00e1ch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gia c\u00f4ng kim lo\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n<p>Nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i kim lo\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia kim lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn; ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 m\u1eabu tinh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn c\u00e1c chu tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i mong mu\u1ed1n trong v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc khoa h\u1ecdc kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m tra x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cao c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn h\u1ee3p kim kim lo\u1ea1i ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i khoa h\u1ecdc, cung c\u1ea5p ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n<h2>N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng khoa h\u1ecdc: Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i pha kim lo\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng khoa h\u1ecdc kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb1ng sau n\u00f3. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u2014 s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c pha tinh th\u1ec3. Nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 n\u00e0y. Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00fd do \u0111\u1eb1ng sau c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, cung c\u1ea5p ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2485\" src=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/pixabay-1239325.jpg\" alt=\"axetylen, nh\u00f4m, nh\u00f4m, thanh, th\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1ed3ng thau, s\u00e1ng b\u00f3ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng thau, v\u00e0ng th\u1ecfi, \u0111ang ch\u00e1y, kinh doanh, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, l\u1eeda, ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda, kh\u00ed, v\u00e0ng, n\u00f3ng, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u1ecfi, th\u1ee3 kim ho\u00e0n, trang s\u1ee9c, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, nung ch\u1ea3y, kim lo\u1ea1i, ti\u1ec1n, oxy, m\u1ea1, b\u1ea1ch kim, n\u1ed3i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, qu\u00fd gi\u00e1, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, b\u1ea1c, luy\u1ec7n, tia l\u1eeda, phun, kho, \u0111\u00e8n kh\u00f2, h\u00e0n, h\u00e0n, ti\u1ec1n n\u00e2u, l\u1eeda n\u00e2u, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh n\u00e2u, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e2u, trang s\u1ee9c n\u00e2u, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e2u, axetylen, nh\u00f4m, nh\u00f4m, th\u1ecfi, th\u1ecfi, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, b\u1ea1ch kim, b\u1ea1ch kim, b\u1ea1ch kim, b\u1ea1ch kim, b\u1ea1ch kim, luy\u1ec7n, luy\u1ec7n, luy\u1ec7n, th\u1ee3 h\u00e0n, h\u00e0n, h\u00e0n, h\u00e0n, h\u00e0n\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/pixabay-1239325.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/pixabay-1239325-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/pixabay-1239325-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/pixabay-1239325-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 pha s\u1eaft-Cacbon<\/h3>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00e9p, l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft v\u00e0 cacbon, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 pha s\u1eaft-Cacbon (Fe-Fe3C) l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c pha c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p \u1edf c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 cacbon kh\u00e1c nhau. Hi\u1ec3u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n th\u00e9p.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c pha v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u00ednh c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ferrit (\u03b1-s\u1eaft): C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp th\u1ec3 trung t\u00e2m (BCC) c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f2a tan cacbon r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p. N\u00f3 m\u1ec1m, d\u1ec5 u\u1ed1n v\u00e0 t\u1eeb t\u00ednh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 pha ch\u00ednh trong th\u00e9p \u00edt cacbon \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng.<\/li>\n<li>Austenit (\u03b3-s\u1eaft): C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp th\u1ec3 m\u1eb7t (FCC) c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao. \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00f2a tan \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 h\u01a1n cacbon (l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 2.14% theo tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng) so v\u1edbi ferrit. Pha n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb t\u00ednh v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng.<\/li>\n<li>Cementit (Fe3C): H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t s\u1eaft v\u00e0 cacbon r\u1ea5t c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 gi\u00f2n (6.67% theo tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng). N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng cho th\u00e9p nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00f2n.<\/li>\n<li>Perlite: C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 l\u1edbp g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c l\u1edbp xen k\u1ebd c\u1ee7a ferrit v\u00e0 cementit, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i ch\u1eadm t\u1eeb austenit. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa ferrit m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 cementit c\u1ee9ng.<\/li>\n<li>Martensit: C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, h\u00ecnh l\u1eadp th\u1ec3 trung t\u00e2m th\u00e2n (BCT) h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i nhanh (ng\u00e2m) c\u1ee7a austenit. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed cacbon b\u1ecb m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t trong m\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3 s\u1eaft, g\u00e2y ra bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng m\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan. S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng cao \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh gi\u00f2n c\u1ee7a martensit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 quan tr\u1ecdng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i pha:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A1 (Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u1ea5p): Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 eutectoid (727\u00b0C ho\u1eb7c 1341\u00b0F) t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 austenit chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh perlite khi l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i. D\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, austenit kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/li>\n<li>A3 (Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cao): Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb ferrit sang austenit ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t khi nung n\u00f3ng. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cacbon.<\/li>\n<li>Acm: Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i cementit th\u00e0nh austenit ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t khi nung trong th\u00e9p hypereutectoid (h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cacbon &gt; 0.76%).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh allotropy<\/h3>\n<p>To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n th\u00e9p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00ednh allotropy. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1eaft, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i allotropic quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac BCC \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng (ferrit) sang c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac FCC \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao (austenit).<\/p>\n<p>Khi nung n\u00f3ng th\u00e9p tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 A3, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed s\u1eaft s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb BCC sang FCC. C\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac austenit FCC l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, cho ph\u00e9p h\u00f2a tan cacbon c\u00f3 trong cementit c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra dung d\u1ecbch r\u1eafn cacbon trong s\u1eaft. S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cm\u1edf kh\u00f3a\u201d c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p, cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 khi l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb BCC sang FCC, cacbon s\u1ebd b\u1ecb gi\u1eef ch\u1eb7t trong cementit, v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n<h3>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Th\u1eddi gian, Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i<\/h3>\n<p>Trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Fe-Fe3C cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ( l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i ch\u1eadm), h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i Th\u1eddi Gian- Nhi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed9 (TTT) v\u00e0 Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i L\u00e0m Ngu\u1ed9i Li\u00ean T\u1ee5c (CCT).<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed9ng cho m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u00e9p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Ch\u00fang v\u1ebd nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian (tr\u00ean thang logarithm) v\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: perlite, bainite, martensite) s\u1ebd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u1ebfu th\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (TTT) ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m m\u00e1t v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (CCT). V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 CCT cho th\u00e9p carbon th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n martensit, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee7 nhanh\u2014th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 200\u00b0C m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y\u2014\u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua \u201cm\u0169i\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh perlite. N\u1ebfu qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m m\u00e1t qu\u00e1 ch\u1eadm, austenit s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh perlite m\u1ec1m h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c bainite tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh martensit. C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf chu tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n<h2>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh<\/h2>\n<p>V\u1edbi n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh. M\u1ed7i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i pha nh\u01b0ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c chu tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o\u2014l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng, ng\u00e2m, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t\u2014\u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho t\u1eebng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n<h3>Luy\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ec1m t\u1ed1i \u0111a<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1ee7 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u1ec1m nh\u1ea5t, d\u1ec5 u\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5t. Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 (nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1nh), c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gia c\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c tinh ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ea1t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp theo.<\/p>\n<p>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c nung n\u00f3ng th\u00e9p \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trong ph\u1ea1m vi ho\u1eb7c h\u01a1i tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi austenit h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ean A3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00e9p hypoeutectoid). Sau \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y\u2014m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u00e2m \u1ee7\u2014\u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 austenit tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. B\u01b0\u1edbc quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m m\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1ee7 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m m\u00e1t c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ch\u1eadm, th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 trong l\u00f2 nung khi l\u00f2 t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t trong nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edd. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m m\u00e1t ch\u1eadm n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p austenit chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh pearlite th\u00f4 v\u00e0 ferit, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo t\u1ed1i \u0111a.<\/p>\n<h3>Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ecbn h\u1ea1t<\/h3>\n<p>Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 chu tr\u00ecnh gia nhi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m m\u00e1t v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ec1m t\u1ed1i \u0111a m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 perlit \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, tinh t\u1ebf h\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7c tinh ch\u1ec9nh n\u00e0y c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo dai so v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n<p>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nung n\u00f3ng th\u00e9p \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat so v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1ee7, th\u01b0\u1eddng kho\u1ea3ng 50\u00b0C (90\u00b0F) tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng A3 ho\u1eb7c Acm. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f2a tan ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o pha austenit \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. Sau khi ng\u00e2m, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y ra kh\u1ecfi l\u00f2 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ngu\u1ed9i trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed y\u00ean t\u0129nh. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i n\u00e0y kh\u00e1 nhanh h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i trong l\u00f2 nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00f4i. N\u00f3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a perlite th\u00f4, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ec3 ferit v\u00e0 perlite \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n h\u01a1n. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh ch\u1ec9nh n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2483\" src=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/pixabay-4161383.jpg\" alt=\"\u1ed1ng, th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3, kim lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng, s\u01b0\u1edfi \u1ea5m, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, nhi\u1ec7t, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, \u0111en tr\u1eafng, \u1ed1ng, \u1ed1ng, \u1ed1ng, \u1ed1ng, \u1ed1ng, th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3, th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3, kim lo\u1ea1i, kim lo\u1ea1i, s\u01b0\u1edfi \u1ea5m, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed\" width=\"1280\" height=\"852\" srcset=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/pixabay-4161383.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/pixabay-4161383-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/pixabay-4161383-768x511.jpg 768w, https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/pixabay-4161383-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>L\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n<p>L\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng, ho\u1eb7c t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng m\u00e0i m\u00f2n cao nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p th\u00e0nh g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 martensit 100%. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5, b\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea1n, b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n<p>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nung n\u00f3ng th\u00e9p v\u00e0o ph\u1ea1m vi austenit, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Sau khi ng\u00e2m \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gian th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i nhanh, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00fang th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t nhanh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c dung d\u1ecbch polymer chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee7 nhanh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua \u201cm\u0169i\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb TTT\/CCT, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a austenit th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c pha m\u1ec1m h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 perlite ho\u1eb7c bainite. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, austenit bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh martensit \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p (nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh martensit, hay Ms).<\/p>\n<p>Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. Qu\u00e1 ch\u1eadm, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i ch\u1eadm v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ec1m. Qu\u00e1 nhanh\u2014v\u00ed d\u1ee5, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u00e9p c\u1ee9ng d\u1ea7u\u2014v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u1ee9t ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng chi ti\u1ebft, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p ho\u1eb7c g\u00f3c c\u1ea1nh s\u1eafc n\u00e9t.<\/p>\n<h3>Luy\u1ec7n c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i m\u1edbi \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee9ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 v\u1ee1 nh\u1ea5t. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac martensit ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 gi\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf; m\u1ed9t va \u0111\u1eadp m\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00f3 v\u1ee1 v\u1ee5n. T\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd sau l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00f2n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n<p>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c nung l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u1ea5p (A1, kho\u1ea3ng 727\u00b0C). Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng: nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n mang l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo dai v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu k\u00e9o t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n. Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebfn hai gi\u1edd) r\u1ed3i l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n, martensite BCT kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y th\u00e0nh h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a ferrit v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a carbide r\u1ea5t m\u1ecbn. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 martensite t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n, gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u trong khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo dai quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n<h3>B\u1ea3ng 1: T\u1ed5ng quan so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"115\">Quy tr\u00ecnh<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">Ph\u1ea1m vi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh (cho th\u00e9p 0.45% C)<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m m\u00e1t<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"115\">Nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">840-870\u00b0C (1540-1600\u00b0F)<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">L\u00e0m m\u00e1t l\u00f2 nung ch\u1eadm<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">M\u1ec1m nh\u1ea5t, gi\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gia c\u00f4ng<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">Pearlite th\u00f4 &amp; Ferrit. \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng th\u1ea5p, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo dai cao.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"115\">Nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">870-900\u00b0C (1600-1650\u00b0F)<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">L\u00e0m m\u00e1t trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u1eabn<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">Tinh luy\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u, t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo dai<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">Pearlite m\u1ecbn &amp; Ferrit. C\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi x\u1eed l\u00fd \u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7t.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"115\">L\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">840-870\u00b0C (1540-1600\u00b0F)<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">L\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i nhanh (N\u01b0\u1edbc\/D\u1ea7u)<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng m\u00e0i m\u00f2n<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">Martensite. \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng r\u1ea5t cao, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo dai r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p (gi\u00f2n).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"115\">L\u00e0m m\u1ec1m<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">200-650\u00b0C (400-1200\u00b0F)<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">L\u00e0m m\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng kh\u00ed<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">Gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00f2n, t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo dai, gi\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">Martensite t\u00f4i. \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng gi\u1ea3m, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo dai t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>C\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh quan tr\u1ecdng<\/h2>\n<p>Chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft sang th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n n\u00e0o ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t. Sai l\u1ec7ch trong c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng chi ti\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i th\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc mong mu\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9.<\/p>\n<h3>T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 gia nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u<\/h3>\n<p>T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n l\u1edbn. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a chi ti\u1ebft n\u00f3ng nhanh h\u01a1n ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c gradient nhi\u1ec7t sinh ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng ( cong v\u00eanh) ho\u1eb7c, trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, n\u1ee9t v\u1ee1 ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec1n gia nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m. Lo\u1ea1i l\u00f2 nung c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng. L\u00f2 nung theo m\u1ebb ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn, l\u00f2 nung li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cung c\u1ea5p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. L\u00f2 ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1i \u0111a v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba oxy h\u00f3a b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 y t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/unsplash-39mlECY8VkU.jpg\" height=\"1200\" width=\"1600\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2482\" alt=\"C\u1eadn c\u1ea3nh l\u00f2 x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kim lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/unsplash-39mlECY8VkU.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/unsplash-39mlECY8VkU-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/unsplash-39mlECY8VkU-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/unsplash-39mlECY8VkU-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/unsplash-39mlECY8VkU-16x12.jpg 16w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\" \/> <\/p>\n<h3>Th\u1eddi gian ng\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/h3>\n<p>Khi ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian ng\u00e2m. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ng\u00e2m l\u00e0 hai m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch: th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n, t\u1eeb b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00f5i, \u0111\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u mong mu\u1ed1n; th\u1ee9 hai, \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gian cho c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kim lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t. Trong th\u00e9p, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c pha carbide h\u00f2a tan ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o austenite.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc chung l\u00e0 ng\u00e2m trong m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd cho m\u1ed7i inch \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u. Th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p kim v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 ban \u0111\u1ea7u. Ng\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac austenit kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n sau khi l\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng\u2014th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ec1m trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n<h3>Khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00f4i<\/h3>\n<p>Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u00e0m m\u00e1t, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh quenching, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u00edt khoan dung nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 CCT, c\u1ea7n v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u1ed9t \u201ct\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u\u201d c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh martensite. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m m\u00e1t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng. M\u1ed7i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m m\u00e1t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m m\u00e1t.<\/p>\n<p>L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m m\u00e1t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p\u2014kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh martensite \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u. Th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim th\u1ea5p c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m m\u00e1t r\u1ea5t nhanh (nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c mu\u1ed1i brine), trong khi th\u00e9p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 h\u1ee3p kim cao c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n cao v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m m\u00e1t ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n (nh\u01b0 d\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 kh\u00ed). S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m m\u00e1t qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh cho v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh g\u00e2y n\u1ee9t do qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m m\u00e1t.<\/p>\n<h3>B\u1ea3ng 2: \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m m\u00e1t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"115\">M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m m\u00e1t<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i (M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng)<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m \/ R\u1ee7i ro ch\u00ednh<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"115\">N\u01b0\u1edbc<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">R\u1ea5t cao<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">Chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p, s\u1eb5n c\u00f3, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m m\u00e1t cao.<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">H\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u1edbp v\u1ecf h\u01a1i (hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Leidenfrost) g\u00e2y ra l\u00e0m m\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u, nguy c\u01a1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 n\u1ee9t cao.<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">Th\u00e9p carbon th\u1ea5p, h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, h\u1ee3p kim c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n th\u1ea5p.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"115\">Mu\u1ed1i brine (N\u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1i)<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">Cao nh\u1ea5t<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u1ee8c ch\u1ebf l\u1edbp v\u1ecf h\u01a1i, cung c\u1ea5p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m m\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00e0 nhanh h\u01a1n n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">R\u1ea5t \u0103n m\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, nguy c\u01a1 n\u1ee9t cao.<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1edbn, h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, th\u00e9p c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"115\">D\u1ea7u<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">Trung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">L\u00e0m m\u00e1t ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1c nhi\u1ec7t, gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 n\u1ee9t v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng.<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">Nguy c\u01a1 ch\u00e1y, c\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3, \u00edt hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00e9p c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n th\u1ea5p.<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim, th\u00e9p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"115\">Polymer (trong n\u01b0\u1edbc)<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (Th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn Cao)<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 polymer. Kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft l\u1eeda, \u00edt b\u1ea9n h\u01a1n d\u1ea7u.<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eaft h\u01a1n, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">L\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng, thay th\u1ebf d\u1ea7u trong nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"115\">Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \/ Kh\u00ed tr\u01a1<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">R\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">R\u1ee7i ro bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng ho\u1eb7c n\u1ee9t v\u1ee1 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u.<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">Ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng r\u1ea5t cao (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, th\u00e9p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 l\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed).<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">Th\u00e9p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 h\u1ee3p kim cao (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, A2, D2), c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m cao.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t<\/h2>\n<p>Ngo\u00e0i b\u1ed1n quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u00e0 kh\u1eaft khe. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho h\u1ee3p kim phi s\u1eaft, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n kim lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<h3>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/h3>\n<p>Trong nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0 b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng, tr\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 b\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea1n, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t k\u00e9p: b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 c\u1ee9ng, ch\u1ed1ng m\u00e0i m\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u00e0 ma s\u00e1t, v\u00e0 l\u00f5i m\u1ec1m h\u01a1n, dai h\u01a1n, d\u1ec5 u\u1ed1n h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 s\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng m\u1ecfi m\u00f2n. L\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng v\u1ecf, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Carburizing: \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn th\u00e9p carbon th\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nung trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e0u carbon (kh\u00ed, l\u1ecfng, ho\u1eb7c d\u1ea1ng bao b\u1ecdc r\u1eafn). C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed carbon khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n v\u00e0o b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh l\u1edbp v\u1ecf c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbon cao. Sau \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i nhanh v\u00e0 t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n. L\u1edbp v\u1ecf c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbon cao tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh martensite r\u1ea5t c\u1ee9ng, trong khi l\u00f5i c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbon th\u1ea5p v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 dai h\u01a1n, m\u1ec1m h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n<li>Nitriding: Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, nit\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n v\u00e0o b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn th\u00e9p, th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 t\u1ea1o nitrid nh\u01b0 nh\u00f4m, cr\u00f4m ho\u1eb7c molybden. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p (kho\u1ea3ng 500\u00b0C) v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i nhanh. Nit\u01a1 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nitrid kim lo\u1ea1i c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 c\u1ee9ng \u1edf b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, mang l\u1ea1i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng m\u00e0i m\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc, ch\u1ed1ng g\u1ec9 s\u00e9t, v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd m\u1ecfi m\u00f2n v\u1edbi \u00edt bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng.<\/li>\n<li>L\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng: Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng nung n\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn. M\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n xo chi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea1y qua cu\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ed3ng, t\u1ea1o ra d\u00f2ng xo\u00e1y trong b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn th\u00e9p, sinh ra nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao r\u1ea5t nhanh. Khi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i austenit, ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i, th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng phun s\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00edch h\u1ee3p trong b\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra l\u1edbp v\u1ecf martensit c\u1ee9ng trong khi l\u00f5i v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh nhanh, s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ed1t, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u01b0 tr\u1ee5c tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c khu\u1ef7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>L\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a (tu\u1ed5i):<\/h3>\n<p>Trong khi c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho th\u00e9p, nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p kim phi s\u1eaft, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p kim d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u00f4m, niken, v\u00e0 titanium, l\u1ea5y s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c: l\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng theo tu\u1ed5i. C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p kim n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i martensit.<\/p>\n<p>Quy tr\u00ecnh g\u1ed3m ba b\u01b0\u1edbc:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>X\u1eed l\u00fd dung d\u1ecbch: H\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nung \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f2a tan t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p kim v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t dung d\u1ecbch r\u1eafn \u0111\u01a1n pha.<\/li>\n<li>L\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i nhanh: H\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i nhanh xu\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng, gi\u1eef c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p kim trong dung d\u1ecbch r\u1eafn si\u00eau b\u00e3o h\u00f2a. Trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1 m\u1ec1m.<\/li>\n<li>L\u00e3o h\u00f3a: B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nung l\u1ea1i \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n v\u00e0 gi\u1eef trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i (ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e3o h\u00f3a \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng). Trong b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p kim b\u1ecb k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a ra kh\u1ecfi dung d\u1ecbch d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 m\u1ecbn, ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u1eadt cho s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a dislociation trong m\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p kim.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p kim th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng theo tu\u1ed5i bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u d\u00f2ng nh\u00f4m (nh\u01b0 6061 v\u00e0 7075 d\u00f9ng trong h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p kim hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao nh\u01b0 th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 17-4 PH v\u00e0 Inconel 718.<\/p>\n<h3>X\u1eed l\u00fd Cryogenic cho Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t<\/h3>\n<p>X\u1eed l\u00fd cryogenic l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ed5 sung gi\u00fap n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng s\u00e2u c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u xu\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi -150\u00b0C (-240\u00b0F) sau khi l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i nhanh v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c sau qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a austenite c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. Trong nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i th\u00e9p \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u00e9p cacbon cao v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p kim cao, m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a austenite c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh martensite trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i nhanh. \u201cAustenite c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i\u201d n\u00e0y m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh cryogenic cung c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac martensitic \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i \u00edch ph\u1ee5 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft tinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c carbide \u201ceta\u201d (\u03b7) c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf, gi\u00fap t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng m\u00e0i m\u00f2n. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 c\u1eaft, b\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao.<\/p>\n<h2>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 Ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (QC)<\/h2>\n<p>Cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1eb5n. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (QC) l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh r\u1eb1ng cam k\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<h3>Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc<\/h3>\n<p>C\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc \u0111o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh quan tr\u1ecdng cho hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t trong d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng: \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m tra QC ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t, nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m chi ph\u00ed trong x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t. N\u00f3 \u0111o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng d\u1ebbo c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, l\u00f5m). Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng m\u00e0i m\u00f2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Rockwell (\u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a v\u1ebft l\u00f5m), Brinell (\u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u1ebft l\u00f5m t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng l\u1edbn), v\u00e0 Vickers\/Knoop (s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o v\u1ebft l\u00f5m, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbp m\u1ecfng). M\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn xem m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac martensitic m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau hay ch\u01b0a ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch ch\u01b0a.<\/li>\n<li>Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo: \u0110\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng d\u1ebbo tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi g\u00e3y. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng va \u0111\u1eadp. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m tra ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m va \u0111\u1eadp Charpy ho\u1eb7c Izod. Trong c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y, m\u1eabu c\u00f3 r\u00e3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc pendulum c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 b\u1edfi m\u1eabu trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh g\u00e3y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o. Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00f2n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch vi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac qua Metallography<\/h3>\n<p>Trong khi c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc cho bi\u1ebft \u201cl\u00e0 g\u00ec\u201d v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh, th\u00ec ph\u00e2n t\u00edch vi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac cho bi\u1ebft \u201ct\u1ea1i sao\u201d. Metallography l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra vi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi. N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn tr\u1ef1c quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n<p>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u1eaft c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, g\u1eafn n\u00f3 v\u00e0o polymer, m\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 g\u01b0\u01a1ng, r\u1ed3i etching b\u1eb1ng dung d\u1ecbch ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc. Ch\u1ea5t \u0103n m\u00f2n n\u00e0y t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc c\u00e1c pha v\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1t \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau, ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 vi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac khi quan s\u00e1t d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n kim c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c pha hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, martensite, perlite, austenite c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i), \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t, ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u l\u1edbp m\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 decarburization ho\u1eb7c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t vi m\u00f4. So s\u00e1nh vi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f4i v\u00e0 th\u00e9p \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, t\u1eeb perlite th\u00f4, x\u1ebfp l\u1edbp th\u00e0nh martensite m\u1ecbn, d\u1ea1ng kim.<\/p>\n<h3>Ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y (NDT)<\/h3>\n<p>C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao trong x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i nhanh, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i nh\u01b0 n\u1ee9t b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u1eb7c d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1eadp trung \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c s\u1edbm trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y (NDT) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn sau x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t bao g\u1ed3m ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng h\u1ea1t t\u1eeb (\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb t\u00ednh), s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1eaft v\u1ee5n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra si\u00eau \u00e2m, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u00f3ng \u00e2m t\u1ea7n cao \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 b\u00ean trong.<\/p>\n<h3>B\u1ea3ng 3: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u00e1c minh sau x\u1eed l\u00fd<\/h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"144\">Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m tra<\/td>\n<td width=\"144\">Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111o<\/td>\n<td width=\"144\">Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn<\/td>\n<td width=\"144\">\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh trong ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"144\">\u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng Rockwell<\/td>\n<td width=\"144\">Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u00f5m<\/td>\n<td width=\"144\">M\u1ed9t kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e9p v\u00e0o b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3; \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a v\u1ebft l\u00f5m.<\/td>\n<td width=\"144\">Ki\u1ec3m tra nhanh, s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"144\">\u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng vi m\u00f4 Vickers\/Knoop<\/td>\n<td width=\"144\">Kh\u00e1ng l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u00f5m tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 vi m\u00f4<\/td>\n<td width=\"144\">M\u1ed9t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3ng d\u1ea5u kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ea3i nh\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c v\u1ebft l\u00f5m vi m\u00f4.<\/td>\n<td width=\"144\">\u0110o \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp m\u1ecfng (carburizing, nitriding), c\u00e1c pha ri\u00eang l\u1ebb ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1ecf, nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"144\">Ki\u1ec3m tra va \u0111\u1eadp Charpy<\/td>\n<td width=\"144\">\u0110\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo \/ N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng va \u0111\u1eadp<\/td>\n<td width=\"144\">M\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 l\u1eafc dao \u0111\u1ed9ng va ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o m\u1eabu c\u00f3 r\u00e3nh; n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u1ee1 m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o.<\/td>\n<td width=\"144\">X\u00e1c nh\u1eadn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n trong vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo cho v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"144\">Kim lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/td>\n<td width=\"144\">C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 (C\u00e1c pha, K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t)<\/td>\n<td width=\"144\">M\u1eabu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng v\u00e0 etching d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 c\u00e1c pha th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/td>\n<td width=\"144\">X\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: martensite %), \u0111o chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u l\u1edbp m\u1ecfng, v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u1ed7i.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"144\">Ki\u1ec3m tra H\u1ea1t t\u1eeb (MPI)<\/td>\n<td width=\"144\">Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ee9t b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/td>\n<td width=\"144\">\u00c1p d\u1ee5ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ferromagnetic; c\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t l\u00e0m gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u00fat c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t s\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng.<\/td>\n<td width=\"144\">Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u1ee9t do l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i nhanh ho\u1eb7c n\u1ee9t m\u00e0i tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ferromagnetic nh\u01b0 b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: M\u1ed9t K\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/h2>\n<p>Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qua c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i pha, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft-cacbon, qua vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1ee7, t\u00f4i chu\u1ea9n, t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quan tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea9y gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u00e1c minh \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p, x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n<p>T\u1ed5ng quan to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 trung t\u00e2m: qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi cao nh\u1ea5t. Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 trong ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 x\u00e1c minh quy tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>Electroplating \u2013 Wikipedia<\/strong> <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electroplating\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electroplating<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>Anodizing \u2013 Wikipedia<\/strong> <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anodizing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anodizing<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>Chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 ScienceDirect \u2013 X\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a<\/strong> <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/materials-science\/electrochemical-surface-treatment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/materials-science\/electrochemical-surface-treatment<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ASTM International \u2013 Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/strong> <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.astm.org\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u (AMPP)<\/strong> <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/ampp.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/ampp.org\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>ASM International \u2013 K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/strong> <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.asminternational.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.asminternational.org\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>NIST \u2013 Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/strong> <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/mml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/mml<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>SpringerLink \u2013 C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7<\/strong> <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/journal\/11998\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/link.springer.com\/journal\/11998<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>Materials Today \u2013 K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/strong> <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.materialstoday.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.materialstoday.com\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>SAE International \u2013 Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/strong> <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sae.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.sae.org\/<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A Complete Guide to Heat Treatment: How Metal Processing Works Heat treatment might sound like just heating and cooling metal. However, for engineers and metal experts, it&#8217;s a careful and controlled way to completely change how a material behaves. We&#8217;re not just changing a part&#8217;s temperature; we&#8217;re changing its atomic structure and crystal patterns to [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2484,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2478","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-5g-communication-fasteners"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2478","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2478"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2478\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2488,"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2478\/revisions\/2488"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2484"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2478"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2478"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2478"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}