{"id":2624,"date":"2025-10-02T01:41:43","date_gmt":"2025-10-02T01:41:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/"},"modified":"2025-10-02T01:41:43","modified_gmt":"2025-10-02T01:41:43","slug":"essential-guide-to-engineering-bolts-installation-mastering-the-perfect-tension","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/vi\/essential-guide-to-engineering-bolts-installation-mastering-the-perfect-tension\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u01b0\u1edbng D\u1eabn C\u1ea7n Thi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 L\u1eafp \u0110\u1eb7t Bu l\u00f4ng K\u1ef9 Thu\u1eadt: Th\u00e0nh Th\u1ea1o C\u0103ng Ch\u1ec9nh Ho\u00e0n H\u1ea3o"},"content":{"rendered":"

C\u00e1ch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u1ed1c v\u00edt: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch<\/h2>\n

Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u: T\u1ea1i sao vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0103ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng<\/h2>\n

H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i b\u1eaft v\u00edt kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng do v\u00edt kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. Ch\u00fang b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng v\u00ec v\u00edt kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch. Si\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t v\u00edt c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho v\u00edt \u201cch\u1eb7t\u201d \u2013 m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0103ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n

Khi b\u1ea1n si\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t bu l\u00f4ng, b\u1ea1n t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ef1c c\u0103ng b\u00ean trong n\u00f3. L\u1ef1c c\u0103ng n\u00e0y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc l\u00f2 xo n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, \u00e9p c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc l\u00f2 xo r\u1ea5t c\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa hai t\u1ea5m kim lo\u1ea1i \u2013 l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfc l\u00f2 xo k\u00e9o c\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 gi\u1eef cho c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m kim lo\u1ea1i g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau v\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn. L\u1ef1c \u00e9p n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 gi\u00fap m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, ng\u0103n c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo do rung \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c c\u0103ng, m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng, d\u00f9 bu l\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1edbn hay m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t bu l\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n t\u00edch khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb1ng sau<\/a> \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1ch m\u00f4-men xo\u1eafn li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ef1c c\u0103ng, xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p si\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p khung \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n sau \u0111\u00f3. Th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i gi\u1eef ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u1eabn an to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

\"b\u00e0n<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u: L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/h2>\n

Vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7m c\u1edd l\u00ea. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng bu l\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/a> Li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u1eb1m trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ch\u1ecdn \u1ed1c v\u00edt, \u0111ai \u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7m ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/h3>\n

Ch\u1ecdn ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. A ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a bu l\u00f4ng<\/a> C\u00e1c l\u1edbp, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi ISO 898-1, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t bu l\u00f4ng l\u1edbp 8.8 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o t\u1ed1i \u0111a 800 MPa v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n ch\u1ea3y 640 MPa (800 \u00d7 0.8). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi bu l\u00f4ng l\u1edbp 10.9, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o cao h\u01a1n. M\u1ee9c c\u0103ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cho m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao (nh\u01b0 75-90% t\u1ea3i th\u1eed c\u1ee7a bu l\u00f4ng) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a l\u1ef1c k\u1eb9p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n. L\u1edbp ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111ai \u1ed1c ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ho\u1eb7c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a bu l\u00f4ng (nh\u01b0 \u0111ai \u1ed1c l\u1edbp 10 cho bu l\u00f4ng l\u1edbp 10.9) \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh tr\u01b0\u1ee3t ren tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi bu l\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1c c\u0103ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 ISO 7089, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ma s\u00e1t nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i<\/h3>\n

C\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1eb9p ch\u1eb7t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i. \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a bu l\u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 c\u00e1c t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i \u201cc\u1ee9ng\u201d, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u00e0y, c\u1ee9ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00ec n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p bu l\u00f4ng h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u00e1c t\u1ea3i k\u00e9o \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecfi. H\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng, bao g\u1ed3m k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ed7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 song song c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i, c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00e1c m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c l\u1ed7 qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t u\u1ed1n trong bu l\u00f4ng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd m\u1ecfi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ef1c c\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u0103n m\u00f2n<\/h3>\n

Khi c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0103n m\u00f2n galva c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t kim lo\u1ea1i (anode) b\u1ecb \u0103n m\u00f2n trong khi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kim lo\u1ea1i kia (catode). Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i b\u1eaft v\u00edt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n b\u1eaft v\u00edt ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u00ednh. D\u00e3y Galvanic cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/a>, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i xa nhau h\u01a1n trong chu\u1ed7i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0103n m\u00f2n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n khi gh\u00e9p n\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0102n m\u00f2n An\u1ed1t (D\u1ec5 b\u1ecb \u0103n m\u00f2n h\u01a1n)<\/td>\nKim lo\u1ea1i<\/td>\n\u0102n m\u00f2n Cathodic (\u00cdt b\u1ecb \u0103n m\u00f2n h\u01a1n)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ch\u1ea5t An\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t<\/td>\nMagie<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nK\u1ebdm<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nNh\u00f4m<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nCadmium<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nTh\u00e9p carbon<\/a> \/ S\u1eaft<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nCh\u00ec<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nThi\u1ebfc<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n\u0110\u1ed3ng thau<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n\u0110\u1ed3ng<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nTh\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9<\/a> (B\u1ecb th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng)<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nTitan<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00cdt b\u1ecb \u0103n m\u00f2n An\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t<\/td>\nGrafit \/ B\u1ea1ch kim \/ V\u00e0ng<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n<\/h3>\n

T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u2013 c\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111ai \u1ed1c\/v\u00edt v\u00e0 tr\u00ean ren \u2013 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u00f4-men xo\u1eafn. \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u00e1m b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 (nh\u01b0 k\u1ebdm, m\u1ea1 galvalume n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbp ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t), v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n hay kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 ma s\u00e1t. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 b\u1eaft v\u00edt s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u00f4-men xo\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh l\u1ef1c c\u0103ng h\u1eefu \u00edch so v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 b\u1eaft v\u00edt kh\u00f4, b\u1ea9n ho\u1eb7c r\u1ec9 s\u00e9t. S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 ma s\u00e1t l\u00e0 l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00f4-men xo\u1eafn theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady.<\/p>\n

\"Bu <\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i: C\u00e1ch Tork t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ef1c c\u0103ng<\/h2>\n

Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u00f4-men xo\u1eafn l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t Bu l\u00f4ng K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u1ef1c c\u0103ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t k\u00e9m. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa m\u00f4-men xo\u1eafn v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c c\u0103ng s\u1ebd ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c M\u00f4-men xo\u1eafn-L\u1ef1c c\u0103ng<\/h3>\n

M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c: T = KDP.<\/p>\n