{"id":4501,"date":"2026-05-22T15:42:04","date_gmt":"2026-05-22T15:42:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/astm-a193\/"},"modified":"2026-05-22T15:42:28","modified_gmt":"2026-05-22T15:42:28","slug":"astm-a193","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/vi\/astm-a193\/","title":{"rendered":"ASTM A193: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt bu l\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c cao"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"direct-answer\"><strong>ASTM A193 l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u bu l\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim v\u00e0 th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 cho d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0103n m\u00f2n trong c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh \u00e1p l\u1ef1c, van, m\u1eb7t b\u00edch v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"astm a193 \u2014 minh h\u1ecda anh h\u00f9ng cho th\u1ea5y bu l\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p kim th\u00e9p c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 cao cho l\u1eafp r\u00e1p m\u1eb7t b\u00edch b\u00ecnh \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p\" src=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/01-hero-35.png\" \/><\/p>\n<p>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1eb7t bu l\u00f4ng cho m\u1eb7t b\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u1ea1i ghi l\u00e0 \u201cASTM A193 B7\u201d thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u201cth\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim\u201d, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y mang tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c: n\u00f3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m tra bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng, s\u1ee9c k\u00e9o mong \u0111\u1ee3i l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau, v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u0111ai \u1ed1c n\u00e0o ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bu l\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu sai \u2014 ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn h\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3 \u2014 th\u00ec m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a b\u00ecnh \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1c. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0, nh\u00f3m mua s\u1eafm v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia QA c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 x\u00e1c minh <strong>ASTM A193<\/strong> c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 tin.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>ASTM A193 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n<p><strong>ASTM A193<\/strong> (ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7: <em>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh cho bu l\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim v\u00e0 th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 cho d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao ho\u1eb7c \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec b\u1edfi <a href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ASTM International<\/a>, c\u01a1 quan ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd vi\u1ec7c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1936 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u2014 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 A193\/A193M-26.<\/p>\n<p>ASTM A193 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ed9 dung sai k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u v\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m cho c\u00e1c bu l\u00f4ng, v\u00edt, bu l\u00f4ng v\u00e0 bu l\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1t d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn cho:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>B\u00ecnh ch\u1ecbu \u00e1p l\u1ef1c<\/strong> (c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ASME Section VIII)<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u1eb7t b\u00edch v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n \u1ed1ng<\/strong> trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao<\/li>\n<li><strong>Van<\/strong> trong d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed, h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bu l\u00f4ng neo c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/strong> trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/li>\n<li>B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u201cm\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t\u201d n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao ho\u1eb7c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c minh<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e3 ch\u1eef-s\u1ed1. Ch\u1eef c\u00e1i ch\u1ec9 ra gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p kim (B = h\u1ee3p kim ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9, L = h\u1ee3p kim th\u1ea5p cho s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p), v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. H\u1eadu t\u1ed1 \u201cM\u201d tr\u00ean ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n (A193M) ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb m\u00e9t; h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nhau.<\/p>\n<h3>Ph\u1ea1m vi v\u00e0 M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a <strong>ASTM A193<\/strong> l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy xu\u1ea5t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c. Khi m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t b\u00edch tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn h\u01a1i 600\u00b0F b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. A193 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7t, b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ki\u1ec3m tra nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn (CMTRs), v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u v\u1eadt l\u00fd tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i bu l\u00f4ng \u2014 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y th\u00e9p \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u201cbu l\u00f4ng th\u00e9p 4140.\u201d B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng 4140 v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng sai. <strong>ASTM A193<\/strong> lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c chu tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m k\u00e9o tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i m\u1ebb, v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n<h3>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/h3>\n<p>ASTM Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n A193 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1930 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh l\u1ecdc d\u1ea7u v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. C\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim cho d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 h\u01a1i. Qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 (gia \u0111\u00ecnh B8) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o khi ng\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u bu l\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 B16 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1eb7c t\u1ea3<\/th>\n<th>C\u00e1c b\u1ed5 sung ch\u00ednh<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>1936\u20131960<\/td>\n<td>C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i B7, B8 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1961\u20131990<\/td>\n<td>B8M, B16 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o; phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n m\u00e9t (M) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1991\u20132010<\/td>\n<td>B7M (d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 axit), y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u00e9o c\u1ee7a B8 l\u1edbp 2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh ch\u1ec9nh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2011\u2013nay<\/td>\n<td>S\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 m\u1ed7i 2\u20133 n\u0103m; ASTM A193-2026 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ASTM A193: Th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim<\/h2>\n<p>ASTM A193 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u bu l\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t chia th\u00e0nh hai gia \u0111\u00ecnh: <strong>th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim<\/strong> (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9) v\u00e0 <strong>th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9<\/strong>. H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c qua c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"astm a193 \u2014 minh h\u1ecda so s\u00e1nh bu l\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p kim th\u00e9p B7 v\u1edbi bu l\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 B8 b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nhau v\u1edbi d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9\" src=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/02-types-23.png\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Lo\u1ea1i B7 \u2014 Con ng\u1ef1a l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/h3>\n<p><strong>ASTM A193 Lo\u1ea1i B7<\/strong> l\u00e0 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 bu l\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong ng\u00e0nh d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p chung. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c g\u1ea7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t b\u00edch, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c bu l\u00f4ng B7.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u: th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim crom-molypden (Cr-Mo), c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 AISI 4140 ho\u1eb7c 4142, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4i v\u00e0 \u1ee7. H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc Cr-Mo mang l\u1ea1i cho B7 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n cao, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo dai v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc cho B7 (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 4 inch):<\/strong><br \/>\n\u2013 \u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u: 125 ksi (860 MPa)<br \/>\n\u2013 \u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n ch\u1ea3y t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u (0.2% offset): 105 ksi (725 MPa)<br \/>\n\u2013 \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n d\u00e0i t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u: 16%<br \/>\n\u2013 Gi\u1ea3m di\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u: 50%<br \/>\n\u2013 \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a: 35 HRC (321 HB)<\/p>\n<p>Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9: <strong>ASTM A193<\/strong> C\u1ea5p B7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kho\u1ea3ng 450\u00b0F (232\u00b0C) trong d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m. Tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea5p B16 ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n<p>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u0169ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c bu l\u00f4ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 4 inch c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n ch\u1ea3y t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u gi\u1ea3m v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh thanh l\u1edbn h\u01a1n l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00f4i, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 th\u00f4 h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m mua s\u1eafm th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecf qua \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u2014 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201cB7\u201d m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ghi ch\u00fa \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c bu l\u00f4ng neo c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n<h3>C\u1ea5p B7M \u2014 \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i cho d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 axit<\/h3>\n<p><strong>ASTM A193 C\u1ea5p B7M<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng hydro sulfide c\u1ee7a B7, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u NACE MR0175 \/ ISO 15156. H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf 4140\/4142, nh\u01b0ng B7M \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7 \u0111\u1ebfn <strong>\u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n l\u00e0 22 HRC (237 HB)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>T\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng trong d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 axit? Th\u00e9p c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng cao d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb <strong>n\u1ee9t do c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng sulfide (SSC)<\/strong> trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u2082S \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi 22 HRC, B7M ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf l\u00e0m gi\u00f2n do hydro khi\u1ebfn B7 tr\u1edf n\u00ean nguy hi\u1ec3m trong c\u00e1c gi\u1ebfng kh\u00ed axit v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<p>Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, B7M c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n kho\u1ea3ng 15\u201320% so v\u1edbi B7 cho c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 axit v\u00ec t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng \u2014 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd thay th\u1ebf B7M trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng axit n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n B7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh to\u00e1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<h3>C\u1ea5p B16 \u2014 Chrome-Moly-Vanadi cao nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9<\/h3>\n<p><strong>ASTM A193 Lo\u1ea1i B16<\/strong> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim crom-molypden-vanadi (Cr-Mo-V). Vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam vanadi t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c carbide m\u1ecbn gi\u00fap ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ea1t \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, l\u00e0m cho B16 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho <strong>d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 1000\u00b0F (538\u00b0C)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>X\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t: austenitize \u1edf 1700\u20131750\u00b0F (927\u2013955\u00b0C), l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea7u, sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i. \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng: 253\u2013319 HB (25\u201334 HRC).<\/p>\n<p>B16 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong v\u1ecf tua-bin h\u01a1i, k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i n\u1ed3i h\u01a1i \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a d\u1ea7u n\u01a1i gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a B7 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1eaft h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi B7 \u2014 trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c bulong B16 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 g\u1ea5p 3\u20134 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi B7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh l\u1edbn \u2014 v\u00ec v\u1eady vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00f3 khi B7 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ebd l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed ti\u1ec1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 theo ASTM A193<\/h2>\n<h3>Lo\u1ea1i B8 \u2014 Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 austenitic 304<\/h3>\n<p><strong>ASTM A193 Lo\u1ea1i B8<\/strong> bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c bulong l\u00e0m t\u1eeb th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 austenitic AISI 304. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201cB8\u201d kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n cao \u2014 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Lo\u1ea1i 1 (\u0111\u00e3 x\u1eed l\u00fd dung d\u1ecbch):<\/strong> \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd dung d\u1ecbch carbide (\u0111\u00e3 t\u00f4i) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n t\u1ed1i \u0111a. \u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo dai v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00e0n tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ed9 k\u00e9o t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u: 75 ksi (515 MPa) cho \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lo\u1ea1i 2 (\u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng do bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng):<\/strong> \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea1nh sau khi x\u1eed l\u00fd dung d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n. \u0110\u1ed9 k\u00e9o t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u: 125 ksi (860 MPa) cho \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh \u2264\u00be inch, gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n theo k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u01a1i c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 ASTM A193 Lo\u1ea1i B8 kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong> C\u00f3 \u2014 Lo\u1ea1i B8 l\u00e0 th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 304. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb t\u00ednh sau khi x\u1eed l\u00fd dung d\u1ecbch (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u01a1i t\u1eeb t\u00ednh n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea1nh).<\/p>\n<h3>Lo\u1ea1i B8M \u2014 Th\u00e9p 316 cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0103n m\u00f2n<\/h3>\n<p><strong>ASTM A193 Lo\u1ea1i B8M<\/strong> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 AISI 316, th\u00eam molypden (2\u20133%) v\u00e0o h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n 304. Molybden c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n do chloride v\u00e0 \u0103n m\u00f2n khe h\u1edf \u2014 l\u00e0m cho B8M tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh lo\u1ea1i \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ven bi\u1ec3n, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t x\u1eed l\u00fd halide v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n<p>Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 B8, B8M c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i 1 (\u0111\u00e3 x\u1eed l\u00fd dung d\u1ecbch) v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i 2 (\u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng do bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng). Lo\u1ea1i 2 B8M th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1ebfng d\u01b0\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 trao \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t n\u01a1i c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a 316 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n<h3>Lo\u1ea1i 1 so v\u1edbi Lo\u1ea1i 2: S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng<\/h3>\n<p>\u0110\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u201cbu l\u00f4ng B8\u201d m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1edbp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong mua s\u1eafm. L\u1edbp 1 v\u00e0 L\u1edbp 2 c\u00f3 <strong>c\u00f9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/strong> nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1edbi 50+ ksi v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o. M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng k\u00e9o L\u1edbp 2 s\u1ebd y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 n\u1ebfu L\u1edbp 1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao thay th\u1ebf. Lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea3 c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 l\u1edbp: \u201cASTM A193 C\u1ea5p B8M L\u1edbp 2.\u201d<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>So s\u00e1nh T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t C\u01a1 h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n<p>B\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh cho c\u00e1c <strong>ASTM A193<\/strong> c\u1ea5p ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t (gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t, n\u01a1i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cao nh\u1ea5t):<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9<\/th>\n<th>V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/th>\n<th>Min. \u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o (ksi)<\/th>\n<th>Min. \u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n ch\u1ea3y (ksi)<\/th>\n<th>Max. \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng<\/th>\n<th>Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>B7<\/td>\n<td>Th\u00e9p Cr-Mo 4140\/4142<\/td>\n<td>125<\/td>\n<td>105<\/td>\n<td>35 HRC<\/td>\n<td>~450\u00b0F<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>B7M<\/td>\n<td>Th\u00e9p Cr-Mo 4140\/4142 (\u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng th\u1ea5p)<\/td>\n<td>100<\/td>\n<td>80<\/td>\n<td>22 HRC<\/td>\n<td>~450\u00b0F<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>B16<\/td>\n<td>Th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim Cr-Mo-V<\/td>\n<td>125<\/td>\n<td>105<\/td>\n<td>34 HRC<\/td>\n<td>~1000\u00b0F<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>B8 Cl.1<\/td>\n<td>304 th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9<\/td>\n<td>75<\/td>\n<td>30<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<td>~800\u00b0F<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>B8 Cl.2<\/td>\n<td>304 SS (c\u1ee9ng h\u00f3a do bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng)<\/td>\n<td>125<\/td>\n<td>100<\/td>\n<td>35 HRC<\/td>\n<td>~800\u00b0F<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>B8M Cl.1<\/td>\n<td>316 th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9<\/td>\n<td>75<\/td>\n<td>30<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<td>~800\u00b0F<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>B8M Cl.2<\/td>\n<td>316 SS (c\u1ee9ng h\u00f3a do bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng)<\/td>\n<td>125<\/td>\n<td>100<\/td>\n<td>35 HRC<\/td>\n<td>~800\u00b0F<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><em>Ngu\u1ed3n: ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTM A193\/A193M; c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb cho \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh \u2264 \u00be inch ho\u1eb7c b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>C\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang c\u1ea5p ASTM A193<\/h2>\n<p>L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ea5p cho <strong>ASTM A193<\/strong> c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 giao nhau: nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. \u0110\u00fang c\u1ea3 ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady cho tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a ch\u1ec9 cho m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"astm a193 \u2014 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho th\u1ea5y quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t\" src=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/03-howto-25.png\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9<\/h3>\n<p>B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c h\u1ecd h\u1ee3p kim n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>D\u01b0\u1edbi 250\u00b0F (121\u00b0C), kh\u00f4ng \u0103n m\u00f2n:<\/strong> C\u1ea5p B7 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a trong h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t.<\/li>\n<li><strong>250\u00b0F\u2013450\u00b0F (121\u00b0C\u2013232\u00b0C):<\/strong> B7 v\u1eabn kh\u1ea3 thi nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c minh c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n cho ph\u00e9p bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 cho t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng duy tr\u00ec l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.<\/li>\n<li><strong>450\u00b0F\u20131000\u00b0F (232\u00b0C\u2013538\u00b0C):<\/strong> C\u1ea5p B16 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim ch\u00ednh. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 B8\/B8M c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong kho\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tr\u00ean 1000\u00b0F (538\u00b0C):<\/strong> ASTM A193 m\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c; tham kh\u1ea3o ASTM A453 (h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee9ng h\u00f3a do l\u1eafng) ho\u1eb7c h\u1ee3p kim si\u00eau b\u1ec1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean Ni.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Xem x\u00e9t M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0102n m\u00f2n<\/h3>\n<p>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9. Xem x\u00e9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 axit (ch\u1ee9a H\u2082S):<\/strong> B7M b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c theo NACE MR0175. Kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng B7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t hay nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u chloride (bi\u1ec3n, n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc):<\/strong> C\u1ea5p B8M (316 SS). C\u1ea5p B8 (304 SS) b\u1ecb \u0103n m\u00f2n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng chloride nhanh h\u01a1n h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 mong \u0111\u1ee3i \u2014 ngay c\u1ea3 trong d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eb9\u201d.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Axit oxy h\u00f3a (axit nitric, axit cromic):<\/strong> B8 (304 SS) l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; B8M kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u00ec molybdenum c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb oxy h\u00f3a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Axit kh\u1eed (axit hydrochloric, axit sulfuric):<\/strong> C\u1ea3 B8 v\u00e0 B8M \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u1edf n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 cao. Tham kh\u1ea3o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u0103n m\u00f2n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ec3n):<\/strong> B7 v\u1edbi l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 k\u1ebdm-phosphate ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea1 k\u1ebdm nh\u00fang n\u00f3ng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed. B8M \u0111\u1eaft h\u01a1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chloride.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>X\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng \u00c1p su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng<\/h3>\n<p>Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a bu l\u00f4ng trong m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi <strong>ASTM A193<\/strong> C\u00e1c bu l\u00f4ng c\u1ea5p B7 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111ai \u1ed1c n\u1eb7ng A194 C\u1ea5p 2H \u2014 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p bu l\u00f4ng-flange ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong \u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u2014 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u00e9o c\u1ee7a bu l\u00f4ng (di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u00d7 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh k\u00e9o)<\/li>\n<li>Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00e9n c\u1ee7a gio\u0103ng<\/li>\n<li>S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a li\u00ean k\u1ebft flange<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i tu\u00e2n theo ASME PCC-1 <em>H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn l\u1eafp r\u00e1p m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t b\u00edch bu l\u00f4ng ranh gi\u1edbi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t<\/em>, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a bu l\u00f4ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eafp r\u00e1p. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t b\u00edch ASME B16.5 Class 150\u20131500, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o B7 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Class 2500 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t b\u00edch h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, h\u00e3y x\u00e1c minh t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u2014 \u0111\u1eebng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh B7 bao ph\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u201cchu\u1ea9n\u201d.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>ASTM A193 so v\u1edbi ASME SA193: S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong mua s\u1eafm v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn: <strong>SA193 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 A193 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o B\u1ed9 quy t\u1eafc N\u1ed3i h\u01a1i v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u00e1p l\u1ef1c ASME (BPVC).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>ASTM International vi\u1ebft th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 A193 v\u00e0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt n\u00f3 theo chu k\u1ef3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh. ASME sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng n\u1ed9i dung A193 v\u00e0o Ph\u1ea7n II c\u1ee7a BPVC d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng SA-193, \u0111\u00f4i khi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c ch\u00fa th\u00edch b\u1ed5 sung. H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u2014 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khung quy t\u1eafc m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<h3>\u00c1p d\u1ee5ng quy t\u1eafc v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1p l\u00fd<\/h3>\n<p>Khi m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u00e1p l\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng d\u1ea5u theo quy t\u1eafc ASME (ASME Ph\u1ea7n VIII, B31.3, v.v.), t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u mua s\u1eafm <strong>ph\u1ea3i<\/strong> g\u1ecdi SA-193, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i A193. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u A193 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng d\u1ea5u ASME v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7, ngay c\u1ea3 khi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nhau, v\u00ec c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ASME.<\/p>\n<p>Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn k\u00e9p v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd: CMTR cho th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 A193 v\u00e0 SA-193. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2014 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn k\u00e9p \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u1ea3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u mua s\u1eafm c\u1ee7a ASTM v\u00e0 ASME. Theo <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tech-threads.com\/fasteners\/asme-fasteners\/sa193-sa194\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt bu l\u00f4ng ASME<\/a>, c\u00e1c bu l\u00f4ng SA-193\/B7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng bu l\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn k\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u00e1p l\u1ef1c ASME.<\/p>\n<h3>Khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh SA193 thay v\u00ec A193<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn n\u00e0o theo quy t\u1eafc ASME:<\/strong> Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh SA-193 (ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn k\u00e9p A193\/SA-193).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u01a1 kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng theo quy t\u1eafc, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac:<\/strong> A193 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7.<\/li>\n<li><strong>D\u1ef1 \u00e1n xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u sang c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Vi\u1ec7t Nam:<\/strong> X\u00e1c minh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh ASTM, nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ASME.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>D\u1ea5u tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u bu l\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ee7a b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba. M\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3m tra vi\u00ean ki\u1ec3m tra m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u00e1p l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng d\u1ea5u ASME s\u1ebd t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm SA-193 tr\u00ean CMTR v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u A193 ngay c\u1ea3 khi v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nhau.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Gh\u00e9p n\u1ed1i ASTM A193 v\u1edbi \u0111ai \u1ed1c ASTM A194<\/h2>\n<p><strong>ASTM A193<\/strong> bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c bu l\u00f4ng v\u00e0 thanh ren. <strong>ASTM A194<\/strong> bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111ai \u1ed1c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111ai \u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c c\u1ee5m m\u1eb7t b\u00edch bu l\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc gh\u00e9p n\u1ed1i ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 bu l\u00f4ng A193<\/th>\n<th>C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111ai \u1ed1c A194 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/th>\n<th>Ghi ch\u00fa<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>B7<\/td>\n<td>2H (hex n\u1eb7ng)<\/td>\n<td>Gh\u00e9p n\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>B7M<\/td>\n<td>2HM<\/td>\n<td>Ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p M \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 axit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>B16<\/td>\n<td>4 ho\u1eb7c 7M<\/td>\n<td>\u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng \u0111ai \u1ed1c cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>B8 Cl.1<\/td>\n<td>8<\/td>\n<td>C\u00f9ng h\u1ecd 304 SS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>B8 Cl.2<\/td>\n<td>8<\/td>\n<td>C\u00f9ng h\u1ecd 304 SS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>B8M Cl.1<\/td>\n<td>8M<\/td>\n<td>\u0110ai \u1ed1c 316 SS \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>B8M Cl.2<\/td>\n<td>8M<\/td>\n<td>\u0110ai \u1ed1c 316 SS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Quy t\u1eafc ch\u00ednh: <strong>kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111ai \u1ed1c th\u00e9p carbon tr\u00ean bu l\u00f4ng inox A193.<\/strong> C\u1eb7p \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n m\u00f2n t\u1ea1i giao di\u1ec7n \u0111ai \u1ed1c-thanh ren, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn \u0111ai \u1ed1c b\u1ecb k\u1eb9t ho\u1eb7c l\u1ecfng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n<p>C\u0169ng tr\u00e1nh tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbp tr\u00ean \u0111ai \u1ed1c: m\u1ed9t \u0111ai \u1ed1c A194 C\u1ea5p 8 (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7 dung d\u1ecbch) l\u1edbp 1 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb g\u00e3y khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t thanh ren A193 B8 l\u1edbp 2 (c\u1ee9ng do bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng) n\u1ebfu \u0111ai \u1ed1c m\u1ec1m h\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7c g\u00e3y trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eafp r\u00e1p l\u00e0 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n - n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ren v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1eaft b\u1eb1ng c\u01b0a \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u0111ai \u1ed1c b\u1ecb k\u1eb9t.<\/p>\n<p>As <a href=\"https:\/\/www.portlandbolt.com\/technical\/specifications\/astm-a193\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Portland Bolt<\/a> Ghi ch\u00fa, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c minh t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111ai \u1ed1c v\u00e0 bu l\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh l\u1edbn, n\u01a1i vi\u1ec7c th\u00e1o r\u1eddi l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra<\/h2>\n<p><strong>ASTM A193<\/strong> kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy xu\u1ea5t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u v\u1eadt l\u00fd m\u00e0 n\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i l\u00f4 h\u00e0ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7.<\/p>\n<h3>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>B7:<\/strong> Austenitize \u1edf 1650\u00b0F t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i trong d\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c polymer; t\u00f4i \u1edf 1100\u00b0F t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4i t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng - vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4i \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng cao h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00f2n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ecb n\u1ee9t do c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng hydro.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B7M:<\/strong> C\u00f9ng quy tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 B7, nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng xu\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a 22 HRC.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B16:<\/strong> Austenitize \u1edf 1700\u20131750\u00b0F, l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea7u, t\u00f4i \u1edf 1150\u00b0F t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B8\/B8M L\u1edbp 1:<\/strong> X\u1eed l\u00fd dung d\u1ecbch carbide (t\u00f4i) \u1edf 1900\u00b0F t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea1nh ti\u1ebfp theo.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4i t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t g\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 <strong>ASTM A193<\/strong> v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t CMTR cho th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, h\u00e3y t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i l\u00f4 h\u00e0ng - k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean CMTR \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n<h3>Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o<\/h3>\n<p><strong>ASTM A193<\/strong> y\u00eau c\u1ea7u:<br \/>\n&#8211; <strong>Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m cho m\u1ed7i l\u00f4 nhi\u1ec7t theo k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed7i l\u00f4 x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t. Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00f4 nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c bu l\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<br \/>\n&#8211; <strong>Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng:<\/strong> M\u1ed7i l\u00f4 bu l\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi B7, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u1ed1i \u0111a 35 HRC l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i \u2014 c\u00e1c bu l\u00f4ng ri\u00eang l\u1ebb c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean 35 HRC trong m\u1ed9t l\u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u00f4 trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p.<br \/>\n&#8211; <strong>Ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1ed5 sung (S-series):<\/strong> Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ed5 sung t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn (S1 \u0111\u1ebfn S5+) cho ki\u1ec3m tra va \u0111\u1eadp charpy, ki\u1ec3m tra k\u00e9o \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra h\u1ea1t t\u1eeb. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0110\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1ed7i <strong>ASTM A193<\/strong> bu l\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u v\u1edbi:<br \/>\n\u2013 Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea5p (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u201cB7\u201d)<br \/>\n\u2013 Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t<br \/>\n\u2013 S\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c s\u1ed1 l\u00f4<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c bu l\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 CMTR n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y. \u0110\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7. Tr\u00ean c\u00e1c bu l\u00f4ng l\u1edbn, c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u; tr\u00ean c\u00e1c bu l\u00f4ng l\u1ee5c gi\u00e1c, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong mua s\u1eafm v\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o<\/h2>\n<h3>Bu l\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7<\/h3>\n<p>Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng bu l\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn. C\u00e1c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kglilly.com\/blog\/guide-to-astm-a193-grade-b7-threaded-studs-and-rods\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASME ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2u nay \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra<\/a> r\u1eb1ng C\u1ea5p B7 \u2014 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao nh\u1ea5t trong ASTM A193 \u2014 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u1ea5p b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c m\u1eabu l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bu l\u00f4ng th\u00e9p carbon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng d\u1ea5u \u201cB7\u201d m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u1ee3p kim n\u00e0o<\/li>\n<li>Bu l\u00f4ng B7 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t (\u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t; c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh l\u00f5i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t)<\/li>\n<li>V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 CMTR \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c sao ch\u00e9p t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u: y\u00eau c\u1ea7u <strong>ki\u1ec3m tra b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba<\/strong> tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u00f4 h\u00e0ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng Rockwell di \u0111\u1ed9ng (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng), v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7t CMTR v\u1edbi d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u v\u1eadt l\u00fd tr\u00ean c\u00e1c bu l\u00f4ng. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n<h3>R\u1ee7i ro thay th\u1ebf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9<\/h3>\n<p>Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf sau \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>B7 thay cho B7M<\/strong> trong d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 axit \u2192 r\u1ee7i ro n\u1ee9t do c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng sulfide<\/li>\n<li><strong>B8 L\u1edbp 1 thay cho B8 L\u1edbp 2<\/strong> n\u01a1i m\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho L\u1edbp 2 \u2192 m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i b\u1ecb t\u1ea3i d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c<\/li>\n<li><strong>B16 thay cho B7<\/strong> \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u2192 l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed ti\u1ec1n nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 an to\u00e0n; tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111ai \u1ed1c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/li>\n<li><strong>Th\u00e9p carbon thay cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 A193 n\u00e0o<\/strong> \u2192 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 k\u00e9m; t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p thay th\u1ebf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00ean k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai (2026+)<\/h2>\n<h3>Chu k\u1ef3 S\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i ASTM<\/h3>\n<p><strong>ASTM A193<\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed7i 2\u20133 n\u0103m. Chu k\u1ef3 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt l\u1edbn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t (2023\u20132026) \u0111\u00e3 tinh ch\u1ec9nh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m L\u1edbp 1 so v\u1edbi L\u1edbp 2 cho c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9. Khi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c bu l\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 AM \u2014 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t r\u00e8n v\u00e0 gia c\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng quan tr\u1ecdng theo m\u00e3.<\/p>\n<h3>B\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n<p>S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng mi\u1ec5n nhi\u1ec5m v\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. Hai xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111ang n\u1ed5i l\u00ean:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Th\u00e9p l\u00f2 h\u1ed3 quang \u0111i\u1ec7n (EAF):<\/strong> Th\u00eam <strong>ASTM A193<\/strong> V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u B7 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb ph\u1ebf li\u1ec7u n\u1ea5u ch\u1ea3y b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2 EAF thay v\u00ec th\u00e9p nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb l\u00f2 oxy c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (BOF). C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy xu\u1ea5t CMTR \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y; c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng. Theo d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e9p h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb EAF c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 CO\u2082 t\u1eeb 40\u201370% so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p BOF nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u2014 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbn v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i Scope 3.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 duplex:<\/strong> C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 duplex 2205 cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi B8M ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i. ASTM \u0111ang \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 xem c\u00f3 n\u00ean m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi A193 cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i duplex hay kh\u00f4ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t khung th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 cho m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft v\u00edt ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n. Nh\u01b0 <a href=\"https:\/\/lightningboltandsupply.com\/reference.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn tham kh\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 bu l\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Lightning Bolt &amp; Supply<\/a> ghi ch\u00fa, c\u00e1c bu l\u00f4ng duplex th\u01b0\u1eddng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u xem x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ri\u00eang l\u1ebb ng\u00e0y nay v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/h2>\n<p><strong>H: Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 ASTM A193 Grade B7 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong><br \/>\nKh\u00f4ng. Grade B7 l\u00e0 th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim \u2014 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 th\u00e9p crom-molybdenum (AISI 4140 ho\u1eb7c 4142). N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 v\u00e0 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0103n m\u00f2n n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt ho\u1eb7c \u0103n m\u00f2n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft v\u00edt kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9, h\u00e3y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh ASTM A193 Grade B8 (304 SS) ho\u1eb7c Grade B8M (316 SS).<\/p>\n<p><strong>H: S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ASTM A193 v\u00e0 ASME SA193 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><br \/>\nSA-193 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e3 ASME v\u1ec1 n\u1ed3i h\u01a1i v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u00e1p l\u1ef1c cho ASTM A193. C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nhau; s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh m\u00e3. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u ASME, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u mua s\u1eafm ph\u1ea3i tham chi\u1ebfu SA-193 (ho\u1eb7c A193\/SA-193 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn k\u00e9p). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u01a1 kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng theo m\u00e3, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n A193 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p>\n<p><strong>H: Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 ASTM A193 Grade B8 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong><br \/>\nC\u00f3. Grade B8 l\u00e0 th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 austenitic AISI 304. Grade B8M l\u00e0 th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 AISI 316. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 Class 1 (\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4i gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n) v\u00e0 Class 2 (\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh cao h\u01a1n). Lu\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1edbp khi \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n<p><strong>H: C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111ai \u1ed1c n\u00e0o ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111inh v\u00edt ASTM A193 B7?<\/strong><br \/>\nC\u1eb7p ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 \u0111ai \u1ed1c n\u1eb7ng hex ASTM A194 Grade 2H. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111inh v\u00edt B7M trong d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0103n m\u00f2n, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111ai \u1ed1c ASTM A194 Grade 2HM. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111ai \u1ed1c v\u00e0 bu l\u00f4ng \u2014 v\u00ed d\u1ee5, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111ai \u1ed1c th\u00e9p carbon tr\u00ean \u0111inh v\u00edt kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 B8 \u2014 g\u00e2y ra \u0103n m\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n<p><strong>H: Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i \u0111a cho ASTM A193 Grade B7 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><br \/>\nGrade B7 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kho\u1ea3ng 450\u00b0F (232\u00b0C) trong d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea3y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 1000\u00b0F (538\u00b0C), Grade B16 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim \u01b0a th\u00edch trong th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ASTM A193.<\/p>\n<p><strong>H: L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4i x\u00e1c minh s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ASTM A193 t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng?<\/strong><br \/>\nBa ki\u1ec3m tra: (1) \u0110\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u2014 m\u1ed7i bu l\u00f4ng n\u00ean hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea5p (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u201cB7\u201d) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00e3 nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. (2) B\u00e1o c\u00e1o ki\u1ec3m tra nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn (CMTR) \u2014 s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean CMTR ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u v\u1eadt l\u00fd tr\u00ean c\u00e1c bu l\u00f4ng. (3) Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng \u2014 m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng Rockwell di \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a B7 l\u00e0 35 HRC. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0o trong ba \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp, h\u00e3y t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i l\u00f4 h\u00e0ng ch\u1edd ki\u1ec3m tra to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<p><strong>H: T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf ASTM A193 B7 b\u1eb1ng B7M trong d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 H\u2082S kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong><br \/>\nKh\u00f4ng. B7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cho d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0103n m\u00f2n (ch\u1ee9a H\u2082S) v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 22 HRC, khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb n\u1ee9t do c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng sulfide. NACE MR0175 \/ ISO 15156 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a 22 HRC cho bu l\u00f4ng th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim th\u1ea5p trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0103n m\u00f2n \u2014 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 B7M cung c\u1ea5p. Vi\u1ec7c thay th\u1ebf n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t hay nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9.<\/p>\n<p><strong>H: Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh ASTM A193M c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><br \/>\nH\u1eadu t\u1ed1 \u201cM\u201d ch\u1ec9 ra phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n m\u00e9t c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt (\u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb SI). H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 M \u2014 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb (MPa thay v\u00ec ksi, \u00b0C thay v\u00ec \u00b0F). H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c CMTR hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 hai h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"astm a193 \u2014 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh k\u1ebft th\u00fac cho th\u1ea5y bu l\u00f4ng B7 ASTM A193 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi d\u1ea5u c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u00e0n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd\" src=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/04-closing-29.png\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p><strong>ASTM A193<\/strong> l\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c bu l\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p cho d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao. Hi\u1ec3u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u2014 B7 cho d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 h\u1ee3p kim chung, B7M cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng axit, B16 cho nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c cao, v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 B8\/B8M cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n \u2014 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, b\u1ec1n l\u00e2u v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n \u0111au \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 an to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd: lu\u00f4n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p bu l\u00f4ng A193 v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111ai \u1ed1c A194 \u0111\u00fang, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u CMTR v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a bu l\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn thay th\u1ebf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 s\u01b0. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c theo m\u00e3 ASME, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u SA-193 ho\u1eb7c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn k\u00e9p. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 axit, B7M l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n<p>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ASTM A193 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao \u2014 bu l\u00f4ng B7, bu l\u00f4ng l\u1ee5c gi\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c thanh ren \u2014 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p theo \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u CMTR v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u, h\u00e3y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c v\u00edt s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kho thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i <a href=\"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/vi\/\" target=\"_blank\">productionscrews.com<\/a> \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u1ec1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>ASTM A193 bao g\u1ed3m bu l\u00f4ng th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim v\u00e0 th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 cho d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u2014 B7, B7M, B16, B8, B8M \u2014 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, c\u1eb7p \u0111ai \u1ed1c v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 mua s\u1eafm.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4497,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4501","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-screws-flange-tutorial"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4501","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4501"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4501\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4502,"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4501\/revisions\/4502"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4497"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4501"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4501"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/productionscrews.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4501"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}